Famous Philosophers

Student of Plato, Teacher of Alexander, Architect of Logic, Biology, and Political Theory (384–322 BCE)

The Persian Polymath Whose Book of Healing Shaped Islamic and European Thought for Six Centuries (980–1037)

Lens-Grinder by Day, Radical Outsider by Night, Author of the Ethics (1632–1677)

The Aristocrat Who Grounded Mathematics in Logic and Spent Six Decades Arguing About War and Religion (1872–1970)

Kong Fuzi's Wandering Life and the Foundations of Chinese Civilization (551–479 BCE)

Scottish Skeptic Who Showed That Certainty Rests on Habit, Not Reason (1711–1776)

Atoms, Quiet Friendship, and the Ancient Art of Happiness (341–270 BCE)

Übermensch, Eternal Return, and the Ideas That Reshaped Modern Thought (1844–1900)

Dialectic, the End of History, and the Ideas That Forged Marxism and Modern Political Theory (1770–1831)

Universal Logic, Monads, and the Best of All Possible Worlds (1646–1716)

The Königsberg Professor Whose Categorical Imperative Rewired Western Philosophy (1724–1804)

The Genevan Outsider Who Said Civilization Corrupts (1712–1778)

Existence, Nothingness, and the Engaged Intellectual (1905–1980)

Natural Rights, Government by Consent, and the Modern World (1632–1704)

How One Thinker Shaped Arguments About Happiness and Equality (1806–1873)

Capital, Historical Materialism, and a Century of Revolution (1818–1883)

The Ancient Sage Who Founded Taoism and Taught the World to Follow the Way

From the Tractatus to the Investigations — Two Radical Visions (1889–1951)

Being and Time, Existence, and a Deeply Compromised Legacy (1889–1976)

The Republic, the Forms, and the Rebirth of Philosophy (428–348 BCE)

Doubt, Certainty, and the Radical Rebuilding of Human Knowledge (1596–1650)

How One Woman Remade Feminist Philosophy, Freedom, and the Self (1908–1986)

The Barefoot Questioner Who Invented Western Philosophy and Drank the Hemlock (470–399 BCE)

Either/Or, Fear and Trembling, and the Melancholy Dane's Radical Inwardness (1813–1855)

The Dominican Friar Who Married Aristotle to Christian Faith (1225–1274)

Nasty, Brutish, and Short — His Vision of the State of Nature (1588–1679)

Candide, the Calas Affair, and a Crusade Against Bigotry (1694–1778)